Food Safety Manual
Food Safety
Purpose and Scope of Manual
Foundations for Use
Safe Food Handling
The Flow of Food
Purchasing and Receiving
Storage
Preparation
Service
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Employee Food Safety Training
Food Safety Manual
Nearly 1 in 6 Americans will become sick due to foodborne illness each year and of these, 3,000 will die (CDC, 2011). Since 1997 the number of Escherichia coli has been cut in half, but the prevalence of Salmonella infections has remained stable. Salmonella infections are estimated to be responsible for $365 million in direct medical care costs each year, thus foodborne illness continues to represent a significant medical and economic burden in the U.S. Government agencies therefore continue to investigate and promote greater compliance with food safety practices.
Purpose and Scope of Manual
The apparent success in reducing E. coli infections due to food contamination is proof that foodborne illness is a preventable condition (CDC, 2011). Towards the goal of further reducing food contamination and illness, this manual on food safety will present what is known about the causes of foodborne illness and how it can be prevented (FDA, 2009a).
Food service workers play an essential role in food safety because they are the last line of defense before the food reaches the consumer (FDA, 2009a). Everyone, from farmers to food manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the quality of the products they produce in terms of food safety, but the greatest responsibility rests with food handlers and their supervisors. While health inspectors can play an important food safety role by ensuring food service establishments meet basic standards, their ability to prevent illness is limited because they cannot remain within an establishment to oversee all food handling activity.
Foundations for Use
The main food safety hazards are caused by microbial pathogens, chemical contamination, and contamination with physical objects (University of Rhode Island, 2000). The contribution of pathogens to foodborne illness is discussed in detail below. Foods can become contaminated with dangerous levels of chemicals on the farm due to pesticide or herbicide spraying, or at a food processing plant due to surface contamination with cleaning agents or the addition of preservatives. Contamination with physical objects generally occurs during food transportation and processing and can include glass, human hair, jewelry, dirt, rocks, and utensil fragments.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified 31 pathogens that can cause foodborne illness (2012). These known pathogens are responsible for 20% of all illnesses and 44% of all foodborne-associated hospitalizations and deaths. The rest were caused by unknown or unidentified agents, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or physical objects, and were responsible for 56% of all foodborne-related hospitalizations and deaths.
The top five known pathogens causing foodborne illness are norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus (CDC, 2012). The first three in this list also make the list for the top five pathogens for foodborne-related hospitalizations and deaths. C. perfringens and S. aureus were replaced by Toxoplasma gondii for both hospitalizations and deaths, while E. coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes made the top five lists for hospitalization and deaths, respectively.
If two or more individuals are confirmed to be infected by the same pathogen and became infected through food, this is considered a foodborne illness outbreak (CDC, 2000). In the past, the identity of the pathogen was confirmed primarily by the signs and symptoms the patient, in addition to laboratory tests, but today the same strain of pathogen can rapidly be confirmed using DNA sequencing technologies.
The demographics most vulnerable to foodborne illness depend on the pathogen (CDC, 2013). Children under 5 years of age are most vulnerable to C. spp., Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, E. coli O157, non-O157 E. coli, Shigella, and Yersinia, while adults over the age of 65 are most susceptible to Cyclospora, L. monocytogenes, and Vibrio infections. Young children and older adults are also more likely to be hospitalized and die from such infections. Other vulnerable groups include pregnant women and those suffering from a weakened immune system.
Safe Food Handling
Based on the evidence, food handlers make the biggest contribution to foodborne illness by storing the food at the wrong temperature, undercooking the food prior to serving it, using unclean food preparation equipment, obtaining food from an unsafe source, and improper personal hygiene (FDA, 2009b).
The guidelines for food safety will include the following (FDA, 2009b):
1. Food handlers...
Food handlers are required to be properly groomed and wearing clean clothing.
3. Prior to beginning work, all food handlers will cover their clean street clothing with a clean outer garment provided by management and wash their hands and arms.
4. Food handlers involved in food preparation or serving will be required to wear a hair restraint, such as a hair net or hat. This does not apply to prepackaged food items.
5. Fingernails must be kept trimmed and clean. Workers who wear polish or nail extensions are required to wear gloves in good condition.
6. Eating, drinking, or smoking will not be permitted in the food preparation areas.
7. The wearing of jewelry on the hands and arms is not permitted, except for plain wedding bands.
8. Before entering or reentering the food preparation or serving areas, all employees must wash hands and arms. Hand washing is also required after handling body parts, raw food, contaminated utensils and equipment, and before using gloves. The technique to be followed is the following:
a. Hand washing must not be done using a sink that is used for food preparation.
b. Using warm water, completely rinse hands and arms.
c. Apply a sufficient amount of detergent to hands and arms to cover the entire surface and then rub vigorously for 10 to 15 seconds, paying attention to fingernails and the area between the fingers.
d. Rinse thoroughly.
e. Dry hands and arms with paper towels or another approved method. When it is necessary to touch a door handle or other device to exit the cleaning facility, the use of a paper towel to maintain a clean barrier is required.
The Flow of Food
One of the more important aspects of food safety is the proper handling of food during receipt, storage, preparation, and serving. The following sections review the food safety requirements with respect to these different tasks.
Purchasing and Receiving
All food must be purchased from sources that comply with applicable laws (FDA, 2009b). Milk, raw meats, and seafood, for example, represent potential sources of contaminated food that can cause serious health problems or even death. Foods that are intended to be eaten raw, such as seafood and other meats, must arrive packaged and labeled in a manner consistent with applicable laws.
Upon arrival, all refrigerated perishables must be at a temperature of 5? F. Or lower (FDA, 2009b). Raw eggs are the only exception to this requirement and can arrive at 7? F. Or lower. Frozen food should arrive frozen and all precooked foods should be at or above 135? F. All food should be inspected for signs of temperature abuse and rejected when discovered.
Storage
All foods will be stored at the recommended temperature (FDA, 2009b). Food items stored in generic containers must be clearly labeled if the identity of the food is not obvious. An example of an obvious food is dry pasta, but non-obvious foods include cooking oil, sugar, or salt. The containers should be clean when the food is placed in them, as should the utensil used to place the food in the container. In most cases, food items should not be handled with bare hands. The exceptions would be raw fruits and vegetables. Prepackaged and unpackaged food should be stored separately.
Preparation
The preparation of foods requires that all surfaces, utensils, and equipment be properly cleaned and disinfected before use (FDA, 2009b). All raw fruits and vegetables will be washed before preparation. Tasting can be done using a clean utensil if it is used only once before it is cleaned again. The storage of utensils during food preparation without cleaning is appropriate if the handle sticks above the food, is placed on a clean portion of the preparation surface or equipment and this surface is cleaned frequently, kept under running water when handling moist foods, or placed in a container of clean water that is maintained at 57? F. All unpackaged foods should be protected from contamination during the storage and preparation process. All potentially hazardous foods should be cooked and maintained at the appropriate temperature, or kept refrigerated, unless a customer has specifically requested a raw portion. In the latter case, the customer should be warned that food safety cannot be guaranteed.
Service
Prior to serving food to customers, all food handlers will wash their hands and put on single use gloves (FDA, 2009b). Food will be served with utensils when possible and stored when not in use as described above. Bare hands can only be used to directly handle food during serving if prior approval is obtained from management. Second servings require clean plates or bowls, but drinks can be refilled if the dispenser never touches the drink container. All foods being…
